cross section of a space launcher (Saturn V) [2]

Saturn V served as the launcher for the U.S. Apollo lunar exploration program.

payload

Includes the Apollo craft, the lunar module and the third stage; the latter, after being placed in Earth’s orbit, soars toward the Moon.

third stage

At an altitude of 92 mi, the third-stage engine begins to run, allowing the launcher to place itself in orbit before making its way toward the Moon.

second stage

At an altitude of 38.8 mi, the five second-stage engines ignite, burning for 6 min. 30 sec. before they are jettisoned.

first stage

Equipped with five F-1 engines that give the launcher the thrust it needs to leave the launchpad; jettisoned after 2 min. 30 sec. of flight.

F-1 engine

The first stage is equipped with five; it provides thrust using kerosene-liquid oxygen combustion.

nozzle

The end portion of a rocket from which combustion gases escape, thereby creating the thrust needed to propel the craft.

stabilizing fin

Fins located on either side of the launcher, serving to stabilize it.

service module

Houses the main propulsion system and supplies energy, electricity, water and other provisions.

command module

Capsule inhabited by the crew during most of an Apollo mission; the only part of the vehicle to return to Earth.

launch escape system

Makes it possible, in the event of damage, to separate the command module from the rest of the launcher and to pull it.

fuel transfer pipe

Pipe through which liquid oxygen is sent to the rocket engines.

kerosene tank

Kerosene, burned on contact with liquid oxygen, serves as fuel for F-1 engines.

liquid oxygen tank baffle

Serves to limit the movement of liquid oxygen inside the tank.

liquid oxygen tank

Contains liquid oxygen used to burn kerosene.

liquid hydrogen tank

Hydrogen, burned on contact with liquid oxygen, serves as engine fuel.

J-2 engine

The second and third stages are equipped with J-2 engines; these provide thrust using liquid oxygen-hydrogen combustion.

helium sphere

Helium is used to pressurize the oxygen tank.

instrument unit

The brain of the rocket; includes the computers and all of the electronic equipment that controls the rocket during its launch.

lunar module

Inhabited section of the craft; enabled two men to walk on the Moon and spend a few days there before returning to dock with the Apollo capsule.